Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

This study was conducted to determine lysine requirement of laying hen during peak egg production from 26 to 42 weeks. of age. The basal diet used was based on corn- corn gluten meal- soybean meal and contained 0.58% lysine. To the basal diet nine graded Levels of Lysine (0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.2, 0.24, 0.28, 0.32, 0.36%) were added. The experimental diets were fed for 16 week. Each experimental diet was fed to 48 Laying hen in a randomized complete design with 4 replicate for each treatment. Broken-line and exponential models were used for estimation of lysine requirement. Dietary lysine levels had a significant effect on egg weight, egg mass output, feed intake(p< 0.01) and feed conversation ratio(p< 0.05) but hadnot significant effect on egg production .Based on egg mass output response and the fit of Broken-line and Exponential models the requirement for total lysine were estimated 645 and 710 mg per hen - day; respectively. Based on feed conversion efficiency Response and the fit of Broken-line and Exponential models the requirement for total lysine was estimated 750 and 810 mg per hen- day. In conclusion, the results of this experiment indicated that daily lysine requirement of laying hen during peak egg production was estimated 810 mg per her- day or 53 gram per kilograme of dietary crude protein.

Background and Aims: Respiratory diseases are one of the more Prevalence occupational diseases in colour Production industries. Because chemical hazard that are present in such industries improving screening methods is essential. There is some kind of respiratory function evaluation methods it seems that serial peak flowmetry has found a new place. Method: In this cross sectional study we did serial peak flowmetry in 30 workers of a colour production factory in 14days.Crude and means data were collected from each day and then were compared to another day’s data. Evaluation of two weeks data helped us to omit confounding variables. So coherency of two weeks data were confirmed validity of study.Results: Mean degree of peak flowse due to last workday in propotion of first work day were significantly different (p<0.001). This manner was repeated in data of second week (p<0.001) & (r=0.908). Peak flow daily changes pattern showed decrease in end of the shift more than beginning of day. 17 workers who had significant changes did not how any pathologic signs in routine annual spirometry. Most changes were due to first workday in opposite to last workday (35±16.5 in contrast 33.6 ±11.8).Conclusion: According to results of this study it seems that serial peak flowmetry test is more sensitive in screening and evaluation workers respiratory function in proportion of routine annual spirometry.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of storage and temperature on egg physical quality in Hyline chickens line. A total of 150 eggs from College of Natural Resources farm were sampled for the present experiment. About 70 eggs each were stored in home refrigerator (temperature, 7.46±0.23oC; relative humidity, 24.80±0.05%) and room temperature (temperature, 22.98±1.12oC; relative humidity, 48.93±2.50%). The correctness of the conditions was ensured by installing data logger. Egg quality traits monitored included egg weight, egg shape index, specific gravity, egg volume, shell thick-ness, haugh unit, and yolk index and albumen pH. The results present effects of prolonged storage on the physical qualities significantly (P<0.05). Quality of eggs rapidly deteriorated when stored in a room temperature compared to those kept in a cold environment. Among the studied egg traits, the pH of albumen seems to be reliable in testing the freshness quality of an egg because of its consistent trend. According to albumen pH information, egg preserved for 10 days under cool conditions remained similar to that of freshly laid eggs, but the following days seems to be significant (P<0.05). Moreover, the study verified the importance of the correlation coefficient in determining the downgrading of eggs for extended storage.

Trend in body weight, thyroid hormones and some blood metabolites changes in broiler breeder hens after the peak egg production was studied. Blood samples from 20 Ross 308 broiler breeder hens, were investigated from 47 to 55 weeks of age. Plasma lipid profile including cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein LDL, lipoprotein HDL, and also glucose concentrations were measured every two weeks, and plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetradothyronine (T4), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period. Results showed that body weight and plasma concentration of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL were increased, and concentrations of HDL were decreased (P<0. 05) over experimental period. Plasma T4 concentrations were decreased with age of the birds (P<0. 05), while T3 concentrations were not affected. Plasma GOT and GPT enzymes activities were increased over the experiment period (P<0. 05). In general, by increasing of age and subsequently body weight of breeder hens, several major changes have been occurred in blood metabolites and metabolic hormones which could reduce production and reproduction in broiler breeder flocks.

Introduction: The main concern in aged hens is reduced production and reproductive performance at the end of the laying period. Different types of diseases and stress during the production period are among the most important factors affecting the reduction of production performance in old hens. Today, the use of medicinal plants as natural antioxidants instead of drugs and synthetic compounds has received increasing attention. Nanofertile plant extract additive (Nano Egg Booster) contains the extract of several types of medicinal plants, including milk thistle, saffron stigma, nettle, and ginger. Aim: This research was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of Nano Egg Booster on productive performance, quality characteristics of eggs, and some blood parameters of laying hens post-peak production. Material and Methods: The number of 72, 35-weeks-old Hy-Line-W36 laying hens were assigned in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 6 replicates, and 3 birds each and it lasted for 14 weeks. Experimental groups were designed at four levels of Nano Egg Booster including 0, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 % of the diet. During the test period, functional traits and quality characteristics of eggs were recorded and blood parameters were evaluated at the end of the experiment period.Results: The results of this research showed that using a nanofertile plant extract additive in the amount of 0.01 % improved the percentage of egg production, feed conversion ratio, and eggshell thickness compared to the control (P<0.05). Serum concentrations of malondialdehyde, total cholesterol, and triglycerides decreased and the antioxidant status of plasma improved (P<0.05).Conclusion: In general, it is concluded that supplementing of diet with Nano Egg Booster can promote laying performance, sustain egg production, and maintain the physiological function in post-peak laying hens.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

Introduction: One of the main sections of charges in poultry production is the cost of the ration. Thus, the producers are continuously looking to find new compounds that using in poultry diets with low prices. Usage the agricultural and food industry by-products are new strategies to reduce the environmental contamination and animal diet costs. Pomegranate granatum is a fruit from the punicaceae family. The pomegranate pulp is a byproduct that has valuable components for poultry nutrition involved protein, fat, Ash and bioactive compounds. Pomegranate pulp has punicallagin, ellagic acid, tannic acid, flavonoid and anthocyanin. The usage of antibiotic in poultry production was banned because they have several negative effects on poultry and human. Therefore, the medicinal herb contained flavonoid and polyphenolic compounds were extremely increased. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of pomegranate pulp and Multi-Enzyme on performance parameters, egg quality, eggshell parameters, egg lipid profiles, blood lipid profile, and the blood concentration of malondialdehyde in peak production of laying hens. Materials and Methods: A total 200 of Hy-Line W-36 at peak production with 32 weeks were selected and allotted to 20 experimental units. The dietary treatments were included the levels of 0, 4, 7 and 10 % of pomegranate pulp with 5gr of multi-enzyme WX. The egg production, egg weight, egg mass feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were weekly recorded. The egg quality parameters involved egg shape, yolk index, yolk color index and haugh unit, the relative weight of yolk and white were determined three consecutive periods (each 28 days). As the same periods, the eggshell parameters such as; eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, specific gravity, and eggshell resistance were evaluated. The egg cholesterol was determined. At the end of experiments, the bloods of two birds from each replication were gathered. The blood plasma was prepared. The blood lipid, total protein, and malondialdehyde were determined by auto analyzer instrument. The data were analyzed with the general linear model by SAS software. The mean differences among treatments were studied by Tukey's test (P<0. 05). Results and Discussion: The results revealed that pomegranate pulp did not affect feed intake. The diets contained 10 percentage of pomegranate pulp increased the egg production, egg weight, egg mass. The FCR decreased when birds received 10 % pomegranate pulp. Pomegranate pulp had a valuable percentage of protein and fat and also it has bioactive components involved ellagic acid, punicallagin and flavonoid that they could be affect the metabolism of birds and improved the performance traits. The egg quality parameters included egg shape, yolk index, and yolk colure index did not affect by the levels of pomegranate pulp. However, the haugh unit and the relative weight of white increased when birds fed 10% pomegranate pulp. Haugh unit is synthetized in the magnum of the oviduct. The concentration of nutrients in the blood may alter the white quality and haugh unit. The eggshell parameters involve eggshell thickness and resistance increased when the 4 percentage of pomegranate pulp were included to laying hen diets, however; the higher levels of pomegranate pulp has not the same effects. Thus, higher concentration of fiber in upper levels of pomegranate pulp may negative influence on the absorption of minerals. The egg yolk lipids included LDL, triglyceride was decreased, and the HDL was increased when pomegranate pulp was added to layer diets. The pomegranate pulp decreased the blood cholesterol. The previous studies were revealed that fiber and flavonoid or polyphenolic components have hypocholesterolemia effects. The pomegranate pulp suppressed the plasma malondialdehyde. The concentration of malondialdehyde is an index of lipid peroxidation. This antioxidant effects on the blood of birds is due to flavonoid, polphenolic, ellagic acid, punicallagin components in pomegranate pulp. Conclusion: It is concluded that pomegranate pulp may be combined with multi enzyme be included to laying hen diets with no any negative effects on performance and egg quality parameters; it also may improve the yolk cholesterol and antioxidant properties of laying hens.

Residential electricity demand in Iran has been increased rapidly in recent years and it has an important role in household’s welfare. As electricity is not storable, optimal electricity generation in peak and off-peak period is so important. In this paper, we use panel and GMM method to estimate price and income elasticities of residential electricity demand in short run and long run by peak and off-peak periods for Tehran, Shahriar and Varamin for 2009-2013. Price and income elasticities of residential electricity demand in short run is lower than long run in both peak and off-peak periods. Cross-price elasticity of electricity demand in peak and off-peak is positive indicating electricity demand in peak and off-peak are substitutes. So price polices has an important role to shift electricity demand from peak to off-peak period.